Three Teachings Studies: Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism (TTS) welcomes original scholarship examining the relationships among everyday life, ethical cultivation, and embodied practice within Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist traditions. This research area investigates how religious and philosophical ideas are interpreted, negotiated, and enacted through ordinary activities, bodily disciplines, interpersonal relationships, domestic environments, and forms of social participation. Particular attention is given to the ways in which ethical understandings, religious commitments, and practical knowledge are developed and transformed within historically situated experiences of everyday life.

The Three Teachings have developed diverse understandings of the relationships among moral conduct, bodily experience, social responsibility, and the cultivation of the self. Confucian traditions have addressed ethical formation through learning, reflection, interpersonal conduct, family relationships, and participation in social life. Daoist traditions have explored practices of self-cultivation, bodily discipline, nourishment of life, and the relationship between human activity and broader cosmological understandings. Buddhist traditions have examined ethical conduct, attention, bodily awareness, habitual action, compassion, and the integration of religious practice into ordinary existence.

These traditions cannot be understood solely through their formal doctrines or institutional teachings. Their historical significance also emerges through the ways individuals and communities interpret, adopt, modify, or contest religious and ethical ideals in daily experience. Family obligations, dietary practices, household observances, educational activities, emotional habits, bodily techniques, and communal relationships may provide important settings in which philosophical and religious commitments acquire practical meaning.

This research area approaches everyday practice as a historically and socially situated process rather than a direct reflection of prescribed doctrine. It encourages research that distinguishes normative teachings from documented behavior while examining the interactions among intellectual traditions, individual agency, bodily experience, material environments, and social institutions. Contributions may focus on individual traditions or undertake comparative investigations supported by appropriate textual, historical, ethnographic, philosophical, or other relevant evidence.

Areas of Interest

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Everyday Ethics and Moral Cultivation: Studies of ethical reflection, moral learning, self-examination, habitual conduct, interpersonal responsibility, and the cultivation of character within Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist traditions. Research may examine how ethical principles are understood, negotiated, and enacted through ordinary decisions, social relationships, and recurring practices.
• Family, Kinship, and Life-Cycle Practices: Investigations of family ethics, filial obligations, intergenerational relationships, marriage, caregiving, aging, death, mourning, and other life-course experiences. Particular attention may be given to how religious and philosophical ideas shape domestic responsibilities, family relationships, and the organization of life-cycle practices across different historical and cultural settings.
• Body, Health, and Cultivation Traditions: Research on bodily discipline, meditation, breathing practices, movement, dietary regulation, nourishment-of-life traditions, and historically situated approaches to bodily cultivation. Studies may examine relationships among bodily techniques, ethical ideals, religious knowledge, and conceptions of health and well-being while distinguishing historical or practitioner claims from independently established physiological or therapeutic effects.
• Domestic Religiosity and Material Culture: Studies of household devotional practices, domestic altars, family observances, religious objects, images, texts, and the material organization of everyday religious life. Research may investigate how domestic environments mediate religious participation, cultural memory, ethical obligations, and the transmission of beliefs and practices.
• Emotion, Perception, and Embodied Experience: Analyses of emotional cultivation, sensory perception, attention, bodily awareness, affective experience, and the relationships between philosophical understanding and lived experience. Relevant subjects include historically specific interpretations of emotion, the role of perception in ethical formation, and the ways in which bodily experience contributes to religious or philosophical knowledge.
• Community, Social Relations, and Everyday Religious Life: Investigations of neighborhood associations, local communities, voluntary groups, educational environments, lay religious networks, and other forms of social participation. Studies may examine how religious and ethical commitments inform cooperation, social obligations, mutual assistance, identity formation, and the negotiation of communal relationships.
• Contemporary Reinterpretations and Social Applications: Research on modern and contemporary understandings of Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ethics and practices in relation to education, work, family life, environmental responsibility, public culture, digital environments, and changing social conditions. Contributions should distinguish historical traditions, contemporary reinterpretations, and claims concerning the practical effects or social significance of particular ideas and practices.
• Theories of Practice and Embodied Knowledge: Studies of the conceptual relationships among knowledge, action, habit, bodily learning, practical judgment, and ethical or religious formation. Research may investigate philosophical theories of practice, the acquisition of embodied skills, the role of repetition and discipline, and the interaction between explicit teachings and forms of knowledge developed through lived activity.

Research Approaches

This research area welcomes interdisciplinary scholarship drawing on religious studies, philosophy, ethics, history, intellectual history, anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, philology, and related disciplines. Appropriate approaches may include philosophical argumentation, historical source criticism, close textual interpretation, archival investigation, ethnography, interviews, participant observation, material culture analysis, and comparative research. Studies may address historical, contemporary, or transregional contexts where a meaningful relationship to Confucian, Daoist, or Buddhist traditions can be established.

Authors are encouraged to distinguish between prescriptive ethical teachings, representations of ideal conduct, and documented patterns of lived practice. The presence of an ethical concept in a canonical text does not, by itself, demonstrate its adoption in everyday life. Similarly, observed practices should not automatically be interpreted as direct expressions of established philosophical doctrines. Research concerning bodily cultivation, emotional experience, or well-being should evaluate relevant historical and contemporary claims according to the available evidence and the methods appropriate to the research question.

TTS particularly encourages contributions that connect detailed textual, philosophical, historical, or ethnographic investigation with broader questions concerning the relationship between thought and action, the cultivation of the self, social responsibility, embodied knowledge, and cultural transformation. Research involving living individuals or communities must observe applicable ethical requirements concerning informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, and the responsible representation of participants. Through these approaches, this research area seeks to advance critical understanding of how Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist traditions are experienced, interpreted, and transformed through the practices of everyday life.

日用、倫理與具身實踐

《三教研究：儒、道、釋》歡迎探討儒家、道教與佛教傳統中日常生活、倫理修養及具身實踐之間關係的原創性學術研究。本專欄著重考察宗教與哲學思想如何透過日常活動、身體規訓、人際關係、家庭生活及社會參與而獲得理解、協商與具體實踐。研究尤其關注倫理觀念、宗教信念與實踐性知識如何在具有特定歷史條件的日常經驗中形成、延續及轉化。

儒、道、佛三教對道德行為、身體經驗、社會責任與自我修養之間的關係，形成了各具特色的思想與實踐傳統。儒家透過學習、反省、人際交往、家庭倫理及社會參與探討人格養成與道德實踐；道教關注修身養性、身體規訓、養生傳統及人類活動與宇宙觀念之間的關係；佛教則從戒律、身心觀照、習慣性行為、慈悲實踐及日常修行等方面，探討倫理生活與宗教修持的具體方式。

對三教的理解，不應僅限於其正式教義或制度化論述。這些傳統的歷史意義，也體現在個人與社群如何於日常經驗中理解、接受、調整或質疑宗教及倫理理想。家庭責任、飲食方式、家居禮俗、教育活動、情感習慣、身體技術與社群關係，皆可能成為哲學觀念與宗教信念獲得實踐意義的重要場域。

本專欄將日常實踐視為具有歷史脈絡與社會基礎的動態過程，而非規範性教義的直接反映。我們鼓勵研究者區分思想文本中的理想行為與具有史料或田野依據的實際活動，並考察思想傳統、個人能動性、身體經驗、物質環境及社會制度之間的互動關係。研究可以聚焦單一傳統，也可以展開比較分析，但相關論證應建立於適當的文獻、歷史、田野、哲學或其他研究證據之上。

研究主題

本專欄徵稿範圍包括但不限於以下研究方向：

• 日常倫理與道德修養：研究儒、道、佛傳統中的倫理反省、道德學習、自我省察、習慣性行為、人際責任與人格養成。相關研究可考察倫理原則如何透過日常判斷、社會關係及反覆實踐而獲得理解、協商與具體呈現。
• 家庭、親屬關係與生命歷程實踐：考察家庭倫理、孝道責任、代際關係、婚姻、照護、老年、死亡、喪葬及其他生命歷程中的經驗與實踐。研究尤其關注宗教與哲學觀念如何在不同歷史和文化情境中影響家庭責任、人際關係及生命禮俗的組織方式。
• 身體、健康與修養傳統：研究身體規訓、冥想、呼吸實踐、形體活動、飲食調節、養生傳統，以及具有特定歷史背景的身體修養方式。相關研究可探討身體技術、倫理理想、宗教知識與健康觀念之間的關係，同時區分歷史文獻或實踐者的主張與經獨立研究驗證的生理或療效。
• 家庭宗教生活與物質文化：考察家庭供奉、家居宗教實踐、家庭禮俗、宗教器物、圖像、典籍及日常宗教生活的物質空間。研究可分析家庭環境如何參與宗教活動、文化記憶、倫理責任及信仰與實踐方式的代際傳遞。
• 情感、感知與具身經驗：研究情感修養、感官知覺、注意力、身體意識、情動經驗，以及哲學理解與具體生活經驗之間的關係。相關主題包括不同歷史條件下的情感觀念、感知在倫理養成中的作用，以及身體經驗如何參與宗教或哲學知識的形成。
• 社群、社會關係與日常宗教生活：研究鄰里組織、地方社群、志願團體、教育環境、在家信眾網絡及其他社會參與形式。相關研究可探討宗教與倫理觀念如何影響合作、社會義務、互助行為、群體認同及社群關係的協商。
• 當代再詮釋與社會實踐：考察儒、道、佛倫理與實踐傳統在現代及當代社會中的重新理解，包括其與教育、工作、家庭生活、環境責任、公共文化、數位環境及社會變遷之間的關係。研究應區分歷史傳統、當代重新詮釋，以及特定思想或實踐之實際效果與社會意義的相關主張。
• 實踐理論與具身知識：研究知識、行動、習慣、身體學習、實踐判斷及倫理或宗教養成之間的概念關係。相關研究可探討哲學傳統中的實踐理論、具身技能的習得、重複與規訓的作用，以及明示的思想教導與生活活動中形成的實踐性知識如何相互影響。

研究方法與學術取向

本專欄歡迎宗教學、哲學、倫理學、歷史學、思想史、人類學、社會學、文化研究、文獻學及相關領域的跨學科成果。研究方法可包括哲學論證、歷史史料批判、文本細讀、檔案調查、民族誌、訪談、參與式觀察、物質文化分析及比較研究。凡能夠清楚說明其與儒家、道教或佛教思想及實踐傳統之關係的研究，均可探討歷史、當代或跨區域的相關情境。

研究者應注意區分規範性倫理教導、理想行為的文本表述，以及具有史料或田野依據的實際生活活動。某種倫理觀念出現在經典文獻中，並不足以證明其已被廣泛實踐；同樣，觀察到的社會行為也不應直接被視為特定哲學教義的表現。涉及身體修養、情感經驗及健康福祉的研究，應根據可取得的證據及適切的研究方法，評估相關歷史與當代主張。

本專欄尤其歡迎將細緻的文本、哲學、歷史或田野研究，與思想及行動的關係、自我修養、社會責任、具身知識及文化轉型等問題相結合的學術成果。涉及當代個人或社群的研究，必須遵守適用的知情同意、隱私、保密及受訪者呈現等倫理要求。透過上述研究取向，本專欄期望深化學界對儒、道、佛傳統如何在日常生活中被感知、理解、實踐及重新建構的批判性認識。