Citation and Reference Style

All manuscripts submitted to Health Nexus: Digital Health and Medical AI must follow the PSG Author–Date Citation Format, the official citation standard of Panorama Scholarly Group.

PSG Format uses author–date citations in the main text and a corresponding reference list. The format combines a Chicago-style author–date structure with PSG-specific requirements concerning digital object identifiers, multilingual references, datasets, software, artificial-intelligence tools, and reference integrity.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that every source cited in the manuscript appears in the reference list and that every reference-list entry is cited in the manuscript. References must not be presented as numbered citations.

1. In-Text Citations

In-text citations should include the author’s surname and the year of publication. No comma is placed between the author’s surname and the year.

Citation Type PSG Format
One author (Smith 2024)
Two authors (Smith and Lee 2024)
Three authors (Smith, Lee, and Wang 2024)
Four or more authors (Smith et al. 2024)
Specific page (Smith 2024, 25)
Page range (Smith 2024, 25–27)
Multiple sources (Chen 2021; Kim 2022; Smith 2024)
No publication date (Smith n.d.)
Same author and same year (Smith 2024a, 2024b)

Narrative Citations

When an author’s name forms part of the sentence, only the year and any relevant page number should appear in parentheses.

Examples:

Smith (2024) argued that artificial-intelligence systems used in healthcare require continuous clinical evaluation.

Smith (2024, 25–27) further identified data drift as a potential source of clinical risk.

Direct Quotations

A page number or another appropriate location indicator must be included when directly quoting a source.

Example:

Clinical validation has been described as “an ongoing process rather than a single pre-deployment event” (Smith 2024, 25).

Direct quotations should be used sparingly. Authors should normally paraphrase, interpret, and critically analyse the cited material.

Multiple Sources

Multiple sources cited within the same parentheses should be separated by semicolons.

Example:

Algorithmic bias has been documented across several areas of healthcare research (Chen 2021; Kim 2022; Smith 2024).

Multiple Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

When an author or author group has more than one work published in the same year, lowercase letters should be added to the year and used consistently in both the text and reference list.

Example:

(Smith 2024a, 2024b)

2. General Reference-List Rules

  • Reference-list entries must not be numbered.
  • The publication year appears immediately after the author information.
  • The publication year is not enclosed in brackets.
  • The first author’s name is inverted: surname first, followed by the given name.
  • The names of subsequent authors appear in natural order: given name followed by surname.
  • Use and before the final author’s name.
  • Do not use an ampersand in place of and.
  • English article and chapter titles should appear in typographic quotation marks: “ ”.
  • The period following an article or chapter title appears inside the closing quotation mark.
  • Journal names and book titles should be italicised.
  • Volume and issue information follows the form 12, no. 2.
  • Page ranges must use an en dash, for example 45–63.
  • Where an article uses an article number rather than page numbers, use the form Article 108.
  • DOIs must be presented as complete links beginning with https://doi.org/.
  • Do not place a full stop after a DOI or URL.
  • Multilingual titles must retain the original-language title followed by an English translation in square brackets.
  • Preprints must be identified clearly as preprints.
  • Online resources should include an access date where appropriate.

3. Journal Articles

Journal Article with Page Range

Format:

Last, First, First Last, and First Last. Year. “Article Title.” Journal Name volume, no. issue: page range. DOI

Example:

Smith, John A., Helen K. Lee, and Ming Wang. 2024. “Clinical Validation of Artificial Intelligence in Remote Patient Monitoring.” Journal of Digital Medicine 12, no. 2: 45–63. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Smith, Lee, and Wang 2024)

Journal Article with Four or More Authors

Reference-list example:

Smith, John A., Helen K. Lee, Ming Wang, and Robert Brown. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Risk Prediction.” Journal of Digital Medicine 12, no. 3: 75–92. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Smith et al. 2024)

Journal Article with an Article Number

Example:

Chen, Li, and Sungho Park. 2023. “Digital Learning Anxiety among University Students.” Educational Psychology Review 35, no. 2: Article 108. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Chen and Park 2023)

4. Books

Format:

Last, First. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

In-text citation:

(Giddens 1991)

5. Chapters in Edited Books

Format:

Last, First. Year. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by First Last and First Last, page range. Place of publication: Publisher. DOI

Example:

Lee, Hyun K. 2022. “Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration.” In Digital Governance in Asia, edited by John Smith and Robert Brown, 55–78. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Lee 2022, 60)

6. Webpages

Format:

Author or Organisation. Year. “Title of Webpage.” Accessed Month Day, Year. URL

Example:

Panorama Scholarly Group. 2026. “Publication Ethics.” Accessed June 24, 2026. https://example.com/publication-ethics

In-text citation:

(Panorama Scholarly Group 2026)

Where no publication or revision date can be identified, use n.d. in place of the year and retain the access date.

Example:

Panorama Scholarly Group. n.d. “Research Integrity Resources.” Accessed August 5, 2026. https://example.com/research-integrity

In-text citation:

(Panorama Scholarly Group n.d.)

7. Government and Institutional Reports

Format:

Organisation. Year. Title of Report. Place of publication: Publisher or Organisation. URL or DOI

Example:

Ministry of Education. 2024. Annual Report on Higher Education Development. Seoul: Ministry of Education. https://example.gov/report

In-text citation:

(Ministry of Education 2024)

8. Multilingual References

For sources published in languages other than English, the original-language title must be retained and followed by an English translation in square brackets.

Chinese-Language Source

Chinese authors’ names should be romanised in Pinyin.

Example:

Wang, Ming, and Hua Li. 2023. “数字治理背景下的公共服务改革 [Public Service Reform in the Context of Digital Governance].” 公共行政研究 [Public Administration Research] 15, no. 2: 45–58. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Wang and Li 2023)

Korean-Language Source

Example:

Kim, Minsoo. 2024. “공공기관의 디지털 전환과 조직성과 [Digital Transformation and Organizational Performance in Public Institutions].” 한국행정학보 [Korean Public Administration Review] 58, no. 1: 101–125. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Kim 2024)

The same original-title-plus-English-translation principle applies to Japanese and other non-English sources.

9. Datasets

Format:

Author or Organisation. Year. Title of Dataset. Data set. Repository. DOI or persistent identifier

Example:

Lee, Sungho. 2024. Survey Data on Digital Public Service Satisfaction in South Korea. Data set. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Lee 2024)

10. Software and Source-Code Repositories

Format:

Author or Organisation. Year. Software Title. Version, where applicable. Source code or software. Repository. DOI or URL

Example:

Chen, Li. 2024. OJS Reference Checker. Source code. GitHub. https://github.com/example/ojs-reference-checker

In-text citation:

(Chen 2024)

Where available, authors should identify the software version, release date, repository, DOI, or archived release identifier.

11. Artificial-Intelligence Tools

Format:

Developer or Organisation. Year. Name of AI Tool. Tool or model type. URL

Example:

OpenAI. 2026. ChatGPT. Large language model. https://chat.openai.com/

In-text citation:

(OpenAI 2026)

Citing an artificial-intelligence tool does not replace the journal’s separate requirement to disclose how the tool was used. Authors must also provide an AI-use declaration identifying the tool, version, purpose, affected stages of the work, and procedures used to review and verify its outputs.

12. Preprints

Preprints must be clearly identified as preprints and should not be presented as peer-reviewed publications.

Format:

Last, First, and First Last. Year. “Title of Preprint.” Preprint, repository or platform. DOI or URL

Example:

Wilson, James, and Li Chen. 2026. “Evaluating Hallucination Risk in Medical Large Language Models.” Preprint, medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

In-text citation:

(Wilson and Chen 2026)

13. Reference Integrity

Authors are responsible for the completeness, accuracy, relevance, and integrity of all citations and references.

Before submission, authors must:

  • Verify every reference against the original source.
  • Confirm that each cited work exists.
  • Confirm that each source supports the statement for which it is cited.
  • Check all author names, titles, publication years, journal names, publisher details, volume and issue numbers, page ranges, and article numbers.
  • Open and verify every DOI, URL, and persistent identifier.
  • Remove duplicate references.
  • Identify preprints, datasets, software, and AI tools using the correct resource type.
  • Check whether any cited source has been corrected, withdrawn, or retracted.
  • Do not cite a retracted publication as reliable evidence unless the retraction itself is being discussed.
  • Manually verify references generated or reformatted using citation-management software or AI-assisted tools.
  • Remove fabricated, unverifiable, incomplete, or non-existent references.

Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy of references produced using reference-management software, citation generators, generative AI, or other automated tools.

14. Official PSG Format Resources

The complete PSG Format specification is maintained by the Panorama Open Scholarly Index.

The PSG Citation Generator can assist authors in generating and formatting references. Authors must still check all generated references manually for accuracy, completeness, capitalisation, multilingual metadata, DOI validity, and correct resource type.