Prepare a manuscript that allows an international reader to understand the research question, assess the evidence and follow the argument without relying on local institutional knowledge.

Organization and presentation

Use a concise, informative title. The abstract should state the problem, approach, principal findings or argument, and contribution. Provide keywords that identify the substantive topic, institutional setting and method. Organize the main text with descriptive section headings and define abbreviations at first use.

Empirical papers will normally explain the research problem and literature, design and methods, results, interpretation and limitations. Legal, conceptual and comparative contributions may use a different structure, provided the analytical question, source base and reasoning remain clear. Conclusions should reflect the evidence presented and distinguish practical implications from findings.

Sources, tables and figures

Use a consistent author–date reference system. Include sufficient bibliographic information to locate every source; add persistent identifiers or stable links where available. References must correspond to citations in the text. Identify legislation, judgments, institutional reports and administrative documents precisely, including jurisdiction, issuing body and relevant date or version.

Number tables and figures in the order cited. Supply clear captions, define units and abbreviations, and identify sources or permissions. Tables should be editable where possible. Explain the denominator, observation period and uncertainty of reported statistics. Do not use decorative graphics in place of interpretable evidence.

Anonymous files and supplementary material

Upload author details on a separate title page and remove identifying information from the review manuscript and its file properties. Anonymize acknowledgements and self-identifying phrasing while retaining necessary citations. Explain any unavoidable identifying information confidentially to the editor.

Label appendices and supplements, cite them in the main text and describe their purpose. Provide a readable description of data and code files. Before upload, inspect all files for personal identifiers, restricted records, tracked changes and comments. See Confidentiality & Sensitive Information.

Required statements

Include funding and sponsor roles, competing interests, contributions, data and materials availability, ethical review and consent where applicable, and disclosure of material AI use. Permissions for third-party material must support the proposed publication. Consult the Reporting Standards for design-specific details.

Updated 5 October 2026 · Questions: JPOII Editorial Office