GGSR issues a correction when an error affects the accuracy or interpretation of a published article but its principal findings remain reliable. Authors and readers share responsibility for bringing significant inaccuracies to the journal’s attention.

Reporting an error

Write to [email protected] with the article title, publication link or identifier, exact location of the error, proposed correction, and supporting evidence. Authors should consult their co-authors and identify all affected tables, figures, calculations, declarations, references, or supplementary files.

Explain whether correcting the error changes the analysis, interpretation, or conclusions. Where a result changes, provide enough information to verify the revised result. A repository update or a revised file sent privately to readers does not replace notification of an error in the published article.

Editorial assessment

The editor considers the nature and significance of the problem and may request source records or independent advice. An error introduced during production and an error in the submitted research can both require correction. The purpose is an accurate publication record, while questions of responsibility are assessed separately.

Minor typographical changes that do not alter meaning may be handled without a separate notice. Errors affecting an interpretation, author record, material declaration, or the use of an article generally require a documented update.

Notice and version history

A substantive correction identifies the affected article, explains what has changed, and is linked to the publication record. Revised files are labelled or accompanied by documentation so readers can understand the change. Authors should update repository descriptions or shared copies to direct readers to the notice where feasible.

When another response is needed

A correction must not introduce an unrelated new study or conceal unreliable findings. If a serious question remains unresolved, an expression of concern may be appropriate. If the findings cannot be relied upon, the journal considers retraction. Legitimate corrections do not attract an additional APC.