Definition of Conflict of Interest / 利益冲突定义

A conflict of interest arises when a financial, personal, institutional, academic, professional, competitive, political, or other relevant interest could compromise, or reasonably be perceived to compromise, the objectivity, independence, fairness, or integrity of the research and publication process.

当财务、个人、机构、学术、职业、竞争性、政治或其他相关利益可能损害，或可合理认为可能损害研究与出版流程的客观性、独立性、公正性或完整性时，即可能构成利益冲突。

Conflicts may be actual, potential, or reasonably perceived. An actual conflict involves an existing interest affecting the matter under consideration. A potential conflict concerns circumstances that may give rise to such influence. A perceived conflict arises where relevant facts could reasonably cause others to question impartiality, even if no improper influence has been established.

利益冲突可分为实际利益冲突、潜在利益冲突及可合理认为存在的利益冲突。实际利益冲突是指已有相关利益影响待处理事项；潜在利益冲突是指可能产生此类影响的情况；可合理认为存在的利益冲突，是指即使尚未证实受到不当影响，相关事实仍足以使外界合理质疑其公正性的情况。

Types of Conflicts of Interest / 利益冲突类型

Conflicts of interest may arise from different forms of relationships, commitments, and potential benefits. The following examples are illustrative rather than exhaustive; their relevance depends on the circumstances of the manuscript and the role of the person concerned.

利益冲突可能来源于不同类型的关系、承诺及潜在收益。以下为非穷尽性示例，具体是否构成需要披露或管理的利益冲突，应结合稿件情况及相关人员承担的职责判断。

Author Responsibilities / 作者责任

Authors must disclose actual, potential, or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest at the time of submission. Relevant disclosures should identify relationships or circumstances that could reasonably influence the conception, funding, conduct, analysis, interpretation, reporting, or publication of the submitted research.

作者须在投稿时披露实际、潜在或可合理认为存在的利益冲突。相关声明应说明可能合理地影响所提交研究的构思、资助、实施、分析、解释、报告或出版的关系及具体情况。

A conflict-of-interest statement should be provided in the manuscript or the appropriate submission materials. Where disclosure could identify the authors during double-anonymous review, identifying details should be supplied separately to the editorial office in accordance with the journal's anonymization requirements.

利益冲突声明应通过稿件或适当投稿材料提交。若具体披露内容可能在双匿名评审期间暴露作者身份，应按照本刊匿名化要求，将相关身份信息单独提供给编辑部。

Authors should update their disclosures if a relevant relationship or circumstance arises or changes during review, revision, or production. The corresponding author should coordinate the submission of accurate declarations from all authors where applicable.

如果在评审、修改或制作期间出现新的相关关系，或原有情况发生变化，作者应更新披露信息。如适用，通讯作者应协调全体作者提交准确的相关声明。

Where no relevant conflict exists, authors should explicitly state that they have no conflicts of interest to declare. A declaration of no conflicts must reflect the actual circumstances and should not be used merely as an administrative formality.

如不存在相关利益冲突，作者应明确声明无利益冲突需要披露。无利益冲突声明须符合实际情况，不应仅作为形式性投稿材料填写。

Suggested Author Statement / 作者声明示例

Authors may use the following examples and adapt them to their actual circumstances. The wording should accurately identify relevant interests without unnecessarily disclosing unrelated personal or sensitive information.

作者可参照以下示例并根据实际情况调整。声明应准确反映相关利益，避免不必要地公开与稿件无关的个人或敏感信息。

Funding and Sponsorship / 基金资助与赞助

Authors must disclose sources of funding, sponsorship, institutional financial support, and other financial assistance related to the research or publication. Where applicable, the funding statement should accurately identify the supporting organization and grant or project number.

作者须披露与研究或出版有关的基金资助、赞助、机构财务支持及其他经济援助来源。如适用，基金声明应准确注明资助机构及基金或项目编号。

Authors should disclose whether a funder or sponsor participated in research design, evidence collection, data analysis, interpretation, manuscript preparation, or decisions concerning publication. Where the sponsor had no such role, this may be stated explicitly.

作者应说明资助方或赞助方是否参与研究设计、证据收集、数据分析、结果解释、稿件准备或与出版有关的决定。如资助方未参与相关工作，可明确说明。

Funding disclosure and conflict-of-interest disclosure serve related but distinct purposes. Receipt of research funding does not automatically establish an improper conflict. The relevant consideration is whether the funding arrangement, sponsor's role, or other connected interest could reasonably influence the research or its publication.

基金资助披露与利益冲突披露相互关联，但具有不同目的。获得研究资助并不自动构成不当利益冲突。需要判断的是资助安排、赞助方参与情况或其他关联利益是否可能合理地影响研究及其出版。

Editor Responsibilities / 编辑责任

Editors must disclose conflicts of interest that could affect their ability to evaluate or manage a manuscript fairly and independently. Relevant circumstances may include financial interests, close personal relationships, recent collaboration, supervisory relationships, institutional affiliations, direct academic competition, or other material interests involving the authors or subject matter.

编辑须披露可能影响其公正、独立评估或处理稿件的利益冲突。相关情况可能包括与作者或稿件主题有关的财务利益、密切个人关系、近期研究合作、指导关系、机构关联、直接学术竞争或其他实质性利益。

Where a relevant conflict could compromise impartiality, the editor should recuse themselves from reviewer selection, substantive manuscript assessment, and editorial decision-making. The submission should be reassigned to an appropriate editor without the relevant conflict, or handled through another independent editorial arrangement.

如果相关利益冲突可能损害公正性，编辑应回避审稿人选择、稿件实质评估及编辑决定。相关稿件应交由不存在该项利益冲突的适当编辑负责，或通过其他独立编辑安排处理。

Where the conflict is identified after editorial work has begun, the journal should evaluate whether any previous reviewer assignments, assessments, or decisions were affected. Reassignment or additional independent review may be necessary to restore confidence in the process.

如果在编辑工作已经开始后发现利益冲突，本刊应评估此前的审稿任务分配、评估意见或编辑决定是否受到影响。必要时，可重新分配编辑任务或增加独立评审，以维护程序的可信度。

Reviewer Responsibilities / 审稿人责任

Reviewers must disclose actual, potential, or reasonably perceived conflicts of interest before accepting a review invitation. If a relevant conflict is identified, the reviewer should inform the editorial office and decline the invitation where independent assessment cannot be assured.

审稿人须在接受评审邀请前披露实际、潜在或可合理认为存在的利益冲突。如发现相关冲突，应告知编辑部；如果无法确保独立评估，应拒绝评审邀请。

Relevant circumstances may include recent co-authorship, close personal relationships, current supervisory arrangements, significant institutional connections, direct academic competition, financial interests, or unresolved disputes concerning the research. The editor should assess the significance of the relationship rather than treating every professional association as automatically disqualifying.

相关情况可能包括近期共同署名、密切个人关系、正在进行的指导关系、重要机构关联、直接学术竞争、财务利益，或与研究有关且尚未解决的重大争议。编辑应评估具体关系的重要性，而不应将所有职业联系一律视为必须回避的情形。

If a conflict becomes apparent after the review has begun, the reviewer must notify the editorial office promptly. The editor may determine whether the review can continue, whether reassignment is required, or whether an already submitted report should be excluded from consideration.

如果评审开始后才发现利益冲突，审稿人须及时通知编辑部。负责编辑可决定是否继续评审、是否需要替换审稿人，以及已经提交的报告是否应排除在后续评价之外。

Editorial Board Members / 编委会成员

Editorial board members are subject to the journal's conflict-of-interest standards when acting as editors, reviewers, advisers, or contributors. They should disclose relevant interests and avoid participating in assessments or decisions where those interests may compromise impartiality.

编委会成员在担任编辑、审稿人、顾问或投稿作者时，均须遵守本刊利益冲突标准。对于可能损害公正性的相关利益，应主动披露，并避免参与受其影响的评估或决定。

Manuscripts submitted by editorial board members must be handled through an independent editorial process. The submitting board member must not select reviewers, access confidential review deliberations beyond the author's normal entitlement, direct the editorial assessment, or determine the outcome of their own submission.

编委会成员提交的稿件必须由独立编辑程序处理。投稿编委不得为自己的稿件选择审稿人、超出一般作者权限获取保密评审讨论、主导编辑评估，或决定自身稿件的处理结果。

Where external peer review is required for the manuscript category, the same review requirements apply to submissions by board members. Editorial board status does not confer preferential treatment, accelerated review, automatic acceptance, or exemption from applicable scholarly assessment.

如果相关稿件类别要求外部同行评审，编委投稿亦须遵守相同评审要求。编委会成员身份不赋予优先待遇、加速评审、自动录用或豁免适用学术评估的权利。

Publisher Responsibilities / 出版商责任

Panorama Scholarly Group, as the journal's publisher, supports editorial independence and the responsible management of conflicts of interest. Commercial, institutional, administrative, or operational interests must not override scholarly assessment, applicable peer-review requirements, research integrity, or the journal's publication ethics standards.

Panorama Scholarly Group 作为本刊出版商，支持编辑独立性及负责任的利益冲突管理。商业、机构、行政或运营利益不得凌驾于学术评估、适用的同行评审要求、研究诚信或本刊出版伦理标准之上。

The publisher should not use financial or organizational influence to determine manuscript acceptance, rejection, review recommendations, corrections, retractions, or scholarly publication priority. Where a publisher-related interest gives rise to a potential conflict, the matter should be managed through an appropriate independent editorial arrangement.

出版商不得利用财务或组织影响力决定稿件录用、退稿、审稿建议、更正、撤稿或学术出版优先顺序。如出版商相关利益可能产生冲突，应通过适当的独立编辑安排进行处理。

APC and Editorial Decisions / 文章处理费与编辑决定

Payment of an Article Processing Charge (APC), an author's ability to pay, or eligibility for a fee exemption must not influence editorial screening, peer-review outcomes, acceptance or rejection decisions, or scholarly publication priority.

文章处理费（APC）的支付、作者的支付能力或费用豁免资格，不得影响编辑初审、同行评审结果、录用与退稿决定，或学术出版优先顺序。

Authors are not required to pay an APC before formal acceptance. Where publication charges apply, the payment process follows the editorial decision and is administered according to the journal's published APC and Waiver Policy.

作者在稿件正式录用前无需支付 APC。对于适用出版费用的稿件，付款程序应在正式编辑决定之后进行，并依照本刊公布的《文章处理费与减免政策》办理。

Handling Undisclosed Conflicts / 未披露利益冲突的处理

When a possible undisclosed conflict is identified, the editorial office should assess the relevant circumstances, evidence, nature of the relationship, effect on scholarly independence, and stage of the publication process. The person concerned may be asked to provide an explanation or an updated disclosure statement.

如发现可能存在未披露的利益冲突，编辑部应评估相关情况、证据、关系性质、对学术独立性的影响及所处出版阶段，并可要求有关人员提供解释或更新披露声明。

An undisclosed conflict does not automatically establish deliberate misconduct or require retraction. The editorial response should be proportionate to the evidence and the consequences for the integrity of the scholarly work or review process.

未披露利益冲突并不自动构成故意不端，也不必然要求撤稿。编辑处理应与现有证据及其对学术作品或评审程序完整性的影响相适应。

Managing Conflicts During Review / 评审过程中的利益冲突管理

When a conflict is disclosed or suspected during manuscript assessment, the editorial office should determine whether the circumstances affect the independence, fairness, or integrity of the relevant review or editorial activities.

在稿件评估过程中披露或怀疑存在利益冲突时，编辑部应判断相关情况是否影响评审或编辑活动的独立性、公正性及完整性。

The choice of measures should depend on the severity of the conflict, its timing, available evidence, and the extent to which the process has been affected. The journal should avoid unnecessary repetition of valid independent reviews while ensuring that compromised assessments do not determine the outcome.

具体措施应依据冲突严重程度、发现时间、现有证据及程序实际受到影响的范围确定。本刊应避免不必要地重复有效的独立评审，同时确保受到实质影响的意见不会决定最终结果。

These arrangements should remain consistent with the journal's applicable peer-review model, including double-anonymous review for the manuscript categories to which that model normally applies.

相关管理安排应与本刊适用的同行评审模式保持一致，包括对通常采用双匿名外部评审的稿件类别继续遵守相应要求。

Disclosure in Published Articles / 已发表文章中的利益冲突披露

Conflict-of-interest statements may be included with accepted and published articles where appropriate. The editorial office may request clarification or revision of a declaration before publication to ensure that the information is accurate, relevant, and understandable to readers.

如适用，利益冲突声明可随已录用及已发表文章一并公开。编辑部可在出版前要求作者澄清或修改声明，以确保相关信息准确、具有实际关联并便于读者理解。

A properly disclosed and appropriately managed conflict does not necessarily prevent publication. The relevant determination is whether the scholarly work remains reliable and whether the editorial assessment has been conducted independently and fairly.

已得到适当披露和管理的利益冲突，并不必然阻止文章发表。关键在于学术作品是否仍然可靠，以及编辑评估是否保持独立和公正。

Public disclosures should communicate the information necessary for transparency without unnecessarily exposing confidential personal details, private financial records, or other sensitive information unrelated to readers' assessment of the published work.

公开披露应提供满足透明性要求的必要信息，同时避免不必要地公开保密个人资料、私人财务记录或其他与读者评价已发表作品无关的敏感信息。

Confidentiality / 保密原则

Information obtained during conflict-of-interest disclosure and assessment must be handled with appropriate confidentiality and respect for personal data protection. Access should be limited to persons with legitimate editorial, ethical, legal, or publication-integrity responsibilities.

在利益冲突披露与评估过程中获得的信息，须受到适当保密处理，并遵守个人数据保护要求。访问权限应限于具有正当编辑、伦理、法律或出版诚信职责的相关人员。

Confidential disclosures should be used for evaluating or managing the relevant conflict and other legitimate publication-integrity purposes. Disclosure beyond the authorized editorial process may be necessary where required by applicable law, a formal investigation, or another justified procedure.

保密披露信息应主要用于评价或管理相关利益冲突，以及其他正当的出版诚信工作。如适用法律、正式调查或其他具有正当依据的程序要求，可能需要在获授权编辑流程之外进行相应披露。

The confidentiality of private disclosure materials should be distinguished from the publication of an appropriate conflict-of-interest statement with an article. Where information is intended for public disclosure, the scope of that disclosure should be clear and proportionate.

私下提交的保密披露材料，应与随文章发表的适当利益冲突声明加以区分。对于拟向公众披露的信息，应确保其范围明确且符合比例原则。

Appeals and Complaints / 申诉与投诉

Authors, reviewers, readers, editors, institutions, and other relevant parties may raise concerns about undisclosed, misleadingly disclosed, or improperly managed conflicts of interest that could have affected a manuscript's assessment, editorial decision, or publication record.

作者、审稿人、读者、编辑、机构及其他相关方，可对可能影响稿件评估、编辑决定或出版记录的未披露、误导性披露或处理不当的利益冲突提出投诉或申诉。

Concerns should identify the relevant manuscript or publication, describe the nature of the alleged conflict, explain its possible effect on the process, and provide relevant supporting information where available. Mere speculation or disagreement with a scholarly judgment does not establish that a conflict has occurred.

相关问题应明确涉及的稿件或出版物，说明疑似利益冲突的性质及其对程序可能产生的影响，并尽可能提供相关证据。仅凭推测或不同意某项学术判断，不能直接认定存在利益冲突。

Complaints and appeals are addressed under the journal's published Complaints and Appeals Policy. The submission of an allegation or appeal does not guarantee reversal of an editorial decision or establish that misconduct has occurred.

投诉与申诉依照本刊已公布的《投诉与申诉政策》处理。提出指控或申诉，并不保证原编辑决定被改变，也不意味着相关不端行为已经得到证实。

Final Responsibility / 最终责任

All parties involved in the journal's publication process are responsible for disclosing relevant conflicts honestly, accurately, and promptly. Authors are responsible for their declarations; reviewers and editors are responsible for identifying interests that may compromise independent evaluation; and the journal is responsible for determining appropriate editorial safeguards.

所有参与本刊出版流程的相关人员，均须诚实、准确、及时地披露利益冲突。作者对其披露声明负责；审稿人与编辑负责识别可能妨碍独立评估的相关利益；期刊则负责确定适当的编辑保障措施。

The journal may take appropriate action where conflicts are not disclosed, are misleadingly presented, or materially compromise the integrity of a manuscript's assessment or publication. Such action should reflect the evidence, relevant explanations, procedural fairness, and seriousness of the matter.

如果利益冲突未得到披露、披露具有误导性，或实质性损害稿件评估及出版过程的完整性，本刊可采取适当措施。相关处理应结合现有证据、有关解释、程序公正及问题严重程度作出。

Policy Updates / 政策更新

CRoPT may revise this Conflict of Interest Policy when necessary to reflect developments in editorial practice, scholarly publishing, applicable law, publication ethics, or research integrity standards.

CRoPT 可根据编辑实践、学术出版、适用法律、出版伦理或研究诚信标准的发展，对本《利益冲突政策》作出必要修订。

Changes should be coordinated with the journal's Peer Review Policy, Publication Ethics, APC and Waiver Policy, and Complaints and Appeals Policy so that conflict disclosure and management requirements remain consistent across the publication process.

政策修订应与本刊《同行评审政策》《出版伦理》《文章处理费与减免政策》及《投诉与申诉政策》相互协调，确保出版流程中利益冲突披露和管理要求保持一致。

Related Journal Policies / 相关期刊政策

For additional requirements concerning manuscript assessment, research integrity, publication charges, and editorial concerns, please consult the journal's Peer Review Policy, Publication Ethics, APC & Waiver Policy, Corrections and Retractions, and Complaints and Appeals.

有关稿件评估、研究诚信、出版费用及编辑问题的详细要求，请参阅本刊 《同行评审政策》、 《出版伦理》、 《文章处理费与减免政策》、 《更正与撤稿》 及 《投诉与申诉》。