General Principle / 基本原则

References must enable readers, editors, and reviewers to identify and locate the sources supporting a manuscript's arguments. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of source attribution, the integrity of quotations and translations, and the completeness of the corresponding bibliographic records.

参考文献应使读者、编辑及审稿人能够识别并查找支持稿件论证的资料来源。作者须对资料归属、引文与译文的准确性，以及相关书目记录的完整性负责。

Every source cited in the manuscript, including substantive citations in footnotes, must appear in the reference list. Reference-list entries should correspond to works actually cited. Authors should not include fabricated, unverified, or merely decorative references.

正文及脚注中实际引用的资料均应列入参考文献表。参考文献表中的条目应与稿件实际引用相对应，不得加入虚构、未经核实或仅为装饰文献数量而列入的资料。

The editorial office may request correction of incomplete, inaccurate, inconsistent, or noncompliant references before peer review, acceptance, or publication production.

对于参考文献存在信息缺失、内容错误、格式不一致或不符合 PSG Format 的稿件，编辑部可在同行评审、录用或出版制作前要求作者修正。

PSG Author–Date System / PSG 作者—日期制

PSG in-text citations normally consist of the author's surname and publication year in parentheses. Do not insert a comma between the author and the year. When citing a particular page or passage, add a comma after the year followed by the appropriate locator.

PSG 正文引用通常在圆括号内标明作者姓氏与出版年份，作者与年份之间不使用逗号。引用特定页码或段落时，在年份后使用逗号，并提供相应定位信息。

Reference List / 参考文献表

The reference list should appear at the end of the manuscript, normally before appendices or supplementary materials. Entries should be arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author or by the organizational author name, following the official PSG rules for multilingual references.

参考文献表应置于正文末尾，通常位于附录或补充材料之前。文献条目应按照第一作者姓氏或机构作者名称的字母顺序排列，多语言文献应遵循 PSG 官方的专门规定。

The publication year appears immediately after the author name, without parentheses. The first author's name is normally inverted, while subsequent authors are presented in natural order. Use "and" between author names rather than an ampersand. Titles, punctuation, journal volume and issue information, page ranges, persistent identifiers, and translations must be presented consistently.

出版年份应紧接作者姓名之后，且不加圆括号。英文书目条目通常将第一作者姓名倒置，其余作者按自然姓名顺序排列，作者之间使用 “and”，不使用 “&”。题名、标点、期刊卷期、页码、永久标识符及译名须保持格式一致。

The reference list must be based on actual, identifiable sources. Examples presented as templates on this page illustrate formatting only and must not be copied into manuscripts as if they were real publications.

参考文献表必须以真实且可以识别的资料为依据。本页标明为格式模板的示例仅用于说明写法，不得作为真实出版物直接复制到投稿稿件中。

Books / 图书

Chapter in an Edited Book / 论文集章节

Chapters in edited collections should identify the chapter author and title, the book's title, the editor or editors, the chapter's page range, publication details, and a DOI where one is available.

引用论文集章节时，应注明章节作者与题名、论文集名称、编者、章节页码范围、出版信息，以及可获得的 DOI。

Journal Articles / 期刊论文

Journal-article references should identify the authors, year, article title, journal title, volume, issue number where available, page range or article number, and DOI where assigned. PSG Format uses the pattern “Volume, no. Issue: Pages” and does not place the issue number in parentheses.

期刊论文条目应包含作者、年份、论文题名、期刊名称、卷号、可获得的期号、页码范围或文章编号，以及已分配的 DOI。PSG Format 采用 “卷号, no. 期号: 页码” 结构，不将期号置于圆括号内。

Article numbers must be distinguished from page ranges. When a DOI is available, use the normalized URL beginning with https://doi.org/ and do not add a trailing period after the link.

应区分文章编号与页码范围。如文献具有 DOI，应使用以 https://doi.org/ 开头的标准化网址，并且不要在链接末尾添加句号。

Online Sources / 网络资料

Online references should identify the individual or organizational author, title, website or publishing organization, publication or update date where available, and a stable URL. Where an online source has no identifiable publication date, use the no-date convention in the official PSG Format.

网络资料应注明个人或机构作者、网页题名、网站或发布机构、可获得的发布日期或更新日期，以及稳定的网址。对于没有明确出版日期的网络资料，应采用 PSG Format 规定的无日期写法。

An online article that has been formally published in a scholarly journal should normally be cited as a journal article rather than merely as a webpage. The publication type, not its digital availability alone, determines the appropriate reference format.

已正式发表于学术期刊的在线文章，通常应按期刊论文而非普通网页引用。决定引用类别的是出版物的实际性质，而非其是否可以通过互联网访问。

Newspaper and Magazine Articles / 报纸与杂志文章

Newspaper and magazine articles should include the author, publication year, article title, publication name, exact publication date, and URL where applicable. Authors should distinguish journalism, opinion writing, and other non-peer-reviewed sources from scholarly literature when evaluating their evidentiary significance.

报纸与杂志文章应注明作者、出版年份、文章题名、报刊名称、准确的刊发日期，以及适用的 URL。作者在评价资料的证据价值时，应区分新闻报道、评论性文章及其他未经同行评审的来源与学术研究文献。

Reports and Policy Documents / 报告与政策文件

Reports and policy documents should identify the responsible institution or author, publication year, title, issuing body or publisher, document or report number where available, and a DOI or stable URL. For governmental and legal materials, indicate the relevant jurisdiction and document date where necessary.

报告与政策文件应注明责任机构或作者、出版年份、文件题名、发布机构或出版社、可获得的报告编号，以及 DOI 或稳定网址。政府与法律类材料应根据需要补充所属法域及文件日期。

When referring to a specific provision, chapter, article, section, or numbered paragraph, include an appropriate locator in the in-text citation or accompanying explanation.

引用具体条款、章节、条文或编号段落时，应在正文引用或相应说明中提供适当的定位信息。

Datasets / 数据集

Datasets that constitute substantive research sources should be cited where appropriate. References should identify the data creator or responsible organization, year, dataset title, version or release, repository or publisher, and DOI or stable URL where available.

对于构成研究实质依据的数据集，作者应在适当情况下提供独立引用。相关条目应注明数据创建者或责任机构、年份、数据集题名、版本或发布批次、存储库或出版机构，以及可获得的 DOI 或稳定网址。

Software / 软件

Software, computational packages, repositories, and research code used for substantive analysis, visualization, text processing, modelling, or other methodological tasks should be cited where their identification is important for understanding or reproducing the research.

对于实质参与数据分析、可视化、文本处理、建模或其他研究方法工作的软件、计算程序包、代码存储库及研究代码，如其识别信息对于理解或复现研究具有重要意义，应进行适当引用。

Artificial Intelligence Tools / 人工智能工具

Substantive use of artificial intelligence tools in drafting, data analysis, translation, coding, image generation, or language processing must be disclosed in accordance with the journal's AI and Research Integrity Policy. Where appropriate, the tool itself may also be cited in the reference list.

在稿件撰写、数据分析、翻译、编程、图像生成或语言处理过程中实质性使用人工智能工具的，作者须按照本刊《人工智能与研究诚信政策》进行披露。在适当情况下，相关工具亦可列入参考文献表。

A bibliographic citation does not replace an AI-use disclosure statement. Authors should describe how the tool was used and verify any research claims, quotations, bibliographic references, analyses, or other material generated with AI assistance.

在参考文献中引用人工智能工具，并不能替代人工智能使用披露声明。作者应说明工具的具体用途，并核验人工智能辅助生成的研究判断、引文、书目、分析及其他内容。

AI tools cannot be listed as manuscript authors. Human authors remain responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and ethical compliance of all submitted content.

人工智能工具不得被列为稿件作者。人类作者始终须对所有提交内容的准确性、原创性、完整性及伦理合规性承担责任。

Chinese-Language References / 中文文献

PSG Format requires multilingual references to preserve the original-language title and provide an English translation in square brackets. Chinese author names should be romanized in Pinyin for the standardized reference-list format. Authors should verify the spelling of names and translations rather than create inconsistent forms across citations.

PSG Format 要求多语言文献保留原文题名，并在方括号中提供英文译名。标准化参考文献条目中的中文作者姓名采用汉语拼音转写。作者须核对姓名拼写与译名，避免在不同引文或条目中使用不一致的表达形式。

The same general principles apply to Korean, Japanese, and other non-English sources, subject to the specific romanization and multilingual conventions established in the official PSG Format Guide.

韩文、日文及其他非英文文献亦应遵循相同的基本原则，并采用 PSG 官方指南规定或适用的姓名转写与多语言书目规则。

DOI and URL / DOI 与网址

When a publication has a DOI, authors should provide the complete and verified DOI URL in the standardized form beginning with https://doi.org/. A DOI should not be replaced with a less stable landing-page URL when the DOI is available and resolves correctly.

对具有 DOI 的出版物，作者应提供经核验的完整 DOI 链接，并统一采用以 https://doi.org/ 开头的格式。当 DOI 可以正常解析时，不宜以稳定性较低的普通网页链接取代。

For sources without DOIs, provide an appropriate stable URL when available. Access dates may be required for sources whose content changes over time or whose publication date cannot be established. Avoid temporary, session-based, or unnecessarily complex links.

对没有 DOI 的资料，可在适当情况下提供稳定网址。对于内容可能随时间变化或无法确定发布日期的资料，应根据需要提供访问日期。应避免临时会话链接及不必要的复杂网址。

Footnotes / 脚注

Footnotes may be used for brief explanations, historical clarification, additional conceptual distinctions, or supplementary discussion that would interrupt the flow of the main text. They should not ordinarily replace PSG's author–date citation system.

脚注可用于简短解释、历史背景澄清、额外概念区分或可能打断正文论证的补充性讨论。脚注通常不应替代 PSG 的作者—日期制文献引用体系。

Authors should keep footnotes concise, avoid placing essential arguments exclusively in notes, and maintain accurate citations for sources discussed within footnotes.

作者应保持脚注简洁，不应将文章必要的核心论证完全置于脚注中。脚注内涉及的文献也须按照适用规则正确引用。

Repeated Citations / 重复引用

Repeated citations should maintain the same author–date form used elsewhere in the manuscript. Authors should not substitute ambiguous shorthand such as "ibid." or "op. cit." for the required author–date information.

重复引用应继续采用全文统一的作者—日期格式，不应使用 “ibid.”、“op. cit.” 等可能引起歧义的缩略形式替代必要的作者与出版年份信息。

Reference Accuracy / 文献准确性

Authors are responsible for verifying all bibliographic information against reliable sources. A reference that appears plausible is not necessarily accurate. Particular care should be taken with translated works, historical editions, similarly titled publications, volume and issue numbers, page ranges, and persistent identifiers.

作者须通过可靠来源核对全部书目信息。看似合理的参考文献不一定准确。对于译著、历史版本、同名或相似题名出版物、卷期号、页码范围及永久标识符，尤其应谨慎核验。

Where available, authors should consult publisher websites, DOI registration records, authoritative library catalogues, institutional repositories, official government publications, and other reliable bibliographic databases. References produced by automated citation tools or AI systems must be independently checked before submission.

在条件允许的情况下，作者应参考出版社网站、DOI 注册记录、权威图书馆目录、机构知识库、政府官方出版物及其他可靠书目数据库。通过自动引文工具或人工智能系统生成的文献条目，亦须在投稿前进行独立核验。

The editorial office may require authors to clarify or correct unverifiable, incomplete, incorrectly attributed, or inconsistent references before further manuscript processing.

对于无法核验、信息缺失、归属错误或前后不一致的参考文献，编辑部可要求作者澄清或修正后再继续处理稿件。

Consistency Requirement / 格式一致性要求

Authors should use PSG Author–Date Citation Format consistently throughout the manuscript. Do not mix PSG with APA, MLA, Chicago Notes and Bibliography, GB/T, or other citation systems unless the editorial office has approved a specific exception.

作者应在全文中统一使用 PSG 作者—日期引用格式。除非编辑部批准特定例外，不得在同一篇稿件中混用 PSG、APA、MLA、Chicago 注释—书目制、GB/T 或其他引用体系。

The use of historical primary sources, archival identifiers, legal provisions, or specialist disciplinary notation may require additional locators or explanatory notes. Such information should supplement rather than unnecessarily replace the journal's author–date framework.

对历史原始文献、档案编号、法律条款或专业学科特有的引用信息，可能需要补充定位信息或解释性注释。这些信息应作为本刊作者—日期框架的必要补充，而非无故替代统一引文体系。

Related Guidance / 相关指南

For complete reference rules and format updates, consult the PSG Format Guide. For journal-wide manuscript requirements, see the Author Guidelines and Manuscript Preparation.

有关完整引用规则及格式更新，请查阅 PSG Format 官方指南； 有关本刊统一稿件要求，请参阅 《投稿须知》 与 《稿件格式》。